Anuran amphibian are known vertebrate. They have been studied systematically in Iran, recently. In order to study biosystematics of anura in the Markazy Province AND compare with Khorasan Province, 122 specimens were collected from six stations (Arak, Ghadamgah, ShazAND,Farmahin, Delijan, Khomein) at spring AND summer (2004- 2005). Samples were transfered alive to the zoology lab, identified AND were fixed after karyologic studies. Identification based upon karyology AND morphologic characters showed that anuran samples belong to marsh frog, Rana ridibunda AND green toad, Bufo viridis with a set of 26 (2n=26) AND 22 (2n=22) chromosomes, respectively. The phonetic studies between populations of two species, 14 characters in frog AND 17 characters in toad were measured. T-test analysis between sexes were significant in 12 characters for frogs AND only one character for toads (P<0.001). One way ANOVA between populations for each species were significant in 13 characters for frogs AND 6 characters for toads (P<0.001). Difference between multivariate mean vectors confirmed in T2Hotelling for populations AND sexes of marsh frog (P<0.001). Length of foot AND femur were discriminated distinct sexes based on discrimination analysis with 89 % correct grouping for frogs AND space between pellicle with 92% correct grouping for toads. Discrimination analysis between populations discriminated groups based on two functions with 78%correct grouping in frogs AND 88% correct grouping in toads. Cluster analysis based on centroids grouped populations resulted from geographical, ecological AND genetical conditions.

In a survey conducted to identify terrestrial nematodes of Roodghat area, Sufiyan-East Azerbaijan province, Iran, 80 soil samples were collected during 2016 AND 2017. The soil samples were processed AND the nematodes were extracted, killed, fixed, AND transferred to anhydrous glycerin as usual. Permanent microscopic slides were prepared from the nematodes. Their morphological characteristics AND morphometric properties were studied under an optical microscope consisting of a drawing tube. In this study, 35 species belonging to 25 genera (plant parasitic AND non-plant parasitic) were identified that among them Axodorylaimellus deviatus (Baqri & Jairajpuri, 1969) Jairajpuri & Ahmad, 1980, Kochinema tenue Argo & Van Den Berg 1971, Laevides laevis (Thorne, 1939) Thorne, 1974, Metaporcelaimus labiatus (de Man, 1880) ANDrá ssy, 2001 AND Metaxonchium bihariense (Popovici, 1990) ANDrá ssy, 1996 were new records for the nematode fauna of Iran AND are described here.

A B S T R A C TThe MORPHOLOGY of each region is related to its lANDforms, the MORPHOLOGY of flat areas is related to inselbergs. The presence of inselbergs in desert AND dry areas gives a special appearance to the MORPHOLOGY of these areas. The study of these lANDforms AND the effective factors in their formation is considered a necessity in terms of regional development. According to the studies, various factors play a role in the formation of inselbergs, AND the role of lithology seems to be more prominent. In this research, which was conducted with the method of field AND library studies, we identified 18 inselbergs in Safi Abad plain AND by studying them, we came to the conclusion that the inselbergs of this plain are mainly formed in sedimentary rocks such as limestone, conglomerate AND sANDstone. Among the geological formations, the largest AND most diverse inselbergs in the Safiabad plain are formed in the mass conglomerate formation with good hardening because this formation is the most widespread in this plain. But the most typical inselbergs of this plain are formed in thick layered limestone. Because this formation is more resistant to erosion. Lar Formations including Limestone AND Thick Limestone’s to Mass Dolomite AND Delichai Formations have also played an important role in the formation of inselbergs in this plain. Although the extent of these formations is not significant, but due to their significant resistance to erosion AND being far from these processes, they have caused the formation of evolved inselbergs in this plainExtended AbstractIntroductionInselbergs are ridges with a height of less than 500 meters formed with a steep slope in the plains. Their resistance to erosion has caused them to be considered capable players in the MORPHOLOGY of arid AND semi-arid regions. Due to their uniqueness in desert areas, these areas are of interest to tourists, AND the economic situation of these areas can be improved by attracting tourists. The prominence of inselbergs in desert areas has caused researchers to pay attention to their studies, the most important of which are the studies of Pye in Kenya (1984), Nenonen in FinlAND (2018), Luiza in Brazil (2021), Laetitia in Africa (2019), AND Mashaal in Egypt (2020). Although the conditions for inselberg formation are available in some areas of Iran, AND these lANDforms have given a particular face to the MORPHOLOGY of this country, no significant study has been done on them so far. This research attempts to investigate the role of lithology in inselberg formation in Safi Abad Plain by using library AND field studies. MethodologySafi Abad plain in the northeast of Iran AND North Khorasan province AND in terms of geographical coordinates between 36-˚ 48-05 to 36-22-55˚ North AND 37-57˚ East to 36-˚ 37-08 It is located at 57-58-11 east. Field AND library studies were used to study the inselbergs of this plain. The entire region was surveyed in 2 years in the field studies, AND 18 inselbergs were identified. Then, the location AND extent of their expansion were determined. In the MORPHOMETRY that was done as a survey, the minimum height, length-to-width ratio of inselbergs, AND their distance from each other were measured with GPS. The study of the concepts, definitions, AND effective processes in inselberg formation was done with the library method. The maps of this research were drawn with Adobe Illustrator software. Results AND discussionInselbergs are diverse in terms of MORPHOLOGY; in the studied area, 18 inselbergs were identified, most of which are mixed. Most of them are rocky AND have less vegetation. Regarding lithology, inselbergs are particular forms of igneous AND metamorphic rocks, but some are also formed in other rocks. Although lithology plays an essential role in inselberg MORPHOLOGY, it cannot be claimed that inselbergs formed in the same formation have the same shape. Although the dominant lithology of the Safi Abad plain is formed from sedimentary rocks, due to the different resistance of its formations, the height, shape, AND slope of the inselbergs of this plain are different in different parts of the region. The difference in these characteristics has caused the different shapes of the lAND in this plain. According to the studies of the most resistant formations of Safi Abad plain against erosion, limestone is a thick layer of chert mass formed due to the resistance against the erosion of the complete inselbergs.After this formation, the Lar formation consists of fine-grained uniform dolomitic limestone with thick to massive layering, which is more resistant; that is why many inselbergs in the region have formed in it. The third formation in terms of resistance is the Apsin-Albin unit, which includes orbitolinate limestone AND thick limes to a mass of dolomite. Although this unit has a small area, its inselbergs are closer to typical inselbergs. In terms of area, most of the area is composed of mass conglomerates with good hardening. Due to the different effects of this formation from different processes, its inselbergs do not have the same MORPHOLOGY. The inselbergs formed in this formation are in the middle part of the high area, low in the southern part, incomplete in the western part, AND incomplete mushrooms in the path of the Gerati River. After this formation, gray shales are the most resistant to erosion. This formation, which belongs to the Jurassic period, has formed a large part of the northeastern inselbergs. The alternation of limestone AND marl in the Delichai formations in the middle part of the region provides the basis for the formation of mushroom-shaped inselbergs in the future. ConclusionSafiabad Plain is in the northeast of Iran, AND in terms of geomorphological units, it is part of central Iran. Inselbergs form part of the MORPHOLOGY of this plain. In this study, 18 inselbergs were identified in this plain, AND their detailed study showed that their primary skeleton was established by tectonic activities in the Devonian to Miocene period with the formation of Posht Bahram mountains. It was formed when the tectonic activities calmed down AND in opposition to the lithology AND erosion of the inselbergs of this plain. In terms of lithology, the well-hardened conglomerate formation covers nearly 47% of this plain, AND due to its large size AND different distances from erosion processes, various inselbergs have been formed in it. The southern inselbergs formed in this formation have a regular shape due to wind AND blue erosion. In contrast, the middle inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to the distance from higher erosion, AND the western inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to the superiority of blue erosion. Another formation that plays a vital role in this field is Lar Mei Formation. Although this is the second formation in terms of size AND strength, many inselbergs have formed in it. The Shemshak formation is placed after the Lar formation in terms of resistance. This formation has caused the formation of chain inselbergs in the northeast of the region. The most typical inselbergs of the region are observed in the thick layered limestones of the formation (Maastrichtian). Also, this research found that inselbergs may be formed in all flat areas of the world AND even in sedimentary formations. However, the inselbergs formed are far from those formed in tropical regions' igneous AND metamorphic formations. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionThe authors contributed equally to the conceptualization AND writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript AND agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestThe authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Applied geoMORPHOLOGY is concerned with sufficient sustaining in natural lANDscape, mitigating natural hazards, minimizing AND adjusting the environmental change. One of the most important lANDscapes in arid lAND is nebkha dunes. Nebkha has been formed as a function of wind regime, biological aspect AND sediment supply. UnderstANDing complex ecogeomorphological relationships is applied in predicting the likely success of climate change, investigating the effects of changes in lAND use AND reconstructing condition responsible for the formation AND stabilization of relief systems. This paper has evaluated the relationship between MORPHOLOGY parameters of Ta.ma, Re.tu AND Al.ma, AND nebkha MORPHOMETRY with multivariate linear regression in Khair Abad desert in Sirjan basin. The effective parameters on Ta.ma AND Re.tu nebkha height in are canopy cover, length AND branch diameter with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.72 AND 0.74 for to selected models. Best illustration characteristics for horizontal component were found canopy AND branch diameter for Ta.ma nebkha AND canopy cover AND plant length , for Re.tu for R2 of 0.655 AND 0.531. On Al.ma only canopy cover has satisfied for determining of nebkha height AND horizontal component with R2 value of 0.586, 0.625. The slope of nebkha dune has been formed only one model for Ta.ma nebkha with R2 of 0.464.Result showed is a strong relationship between nebkha forms AND plant growth forms. That it state different function of plant species. Intensity of relationship was related to adaptation of nebkha species mechanisms.

Modeling is important in understANDing complex ecogeomorphological relationships for useful applications, include: predicting the likely success of remobilizing dormant dune systems, managing AND mitigating desertification AND degradation of semi-arid lAND, assessing the impact of climate change, investigating the effects of changes in lAND use AND reconstructing conditions responsible for the formation AND stabilization of relict systems. Nebkha dunes have been proposed as a reliable rapid indicator of Aeolian erosion AND vegetation. The aim of this paper understANDs the relationships between nebkha MORPHOMETRY parameters together AND with morphological characteristic of Reaumeria turcestanica. For obtaining objective of study we measure canopy cover AND height of plant AND elevation, diameter AND slop for nebkha from 10 transects AND 157 samples in khairabad area in Sirjan. The technical method used for investigation of relations was simple AND multivariate regression analysis. Regression analysis showed a significant relationship (a <0.01) between plant height AND nebkha elevation with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.58 for linear relationship AND 0.60 for both quadratic estimation. Also a significant relationship (a <0.01) exists between canopy cover AND nebkha elevation with coefficient of determination of 0.54 for linear function AND 0.58 for both quadratic estimations. Analysis Regression significant relationship (a <0.01) between nebkha height AND nebkha diameter with R2 of 0.49 for linear AND quadratic estimation AND 0.50 for cubic function.

This study was performed in order to determine MORPHOLOGY AND MORPHOMETRY of Gerbillinae subfamily in Geno Biosphere Reserve, Hormozgan Province. In this order we used live trapping method for the sampling of rodents. In total, 70 rodent specimens were collected. The specimens were studied in respect to their morphological, cranial AND external characteristics AND a few proportions. These specimens included three genus AND four species: Persian Jird (Meriones persicus Blanford, 1875), Libyan Jird (Meriones libycus Lichtenstein, 1823), Baluchistan Gerbil (Gerbillus nanus Blanford, 1875) AND Indian Gerbil (Tatera indica Hardwicke, 1807).

Background & Aims: Aluminum has many harmful effects on biochemical AND physiological structures even behavioral disorders.Materials & Methods: The rabbits were classified into treatment AND control groups.12.5mg/kg aluminum chloride was injected to treatment group animals AND simultaneously the same dose of deionized water to control group animals in anesthesia state for 7 weeks, intraperitoneally. Tissue preparation for ultrastructural, morphologic AND morphometric studies was carried out on the basis of stANDard methods. The microscopic photomicrographs were studied morphologically AND morphometrically. Finally the morphometric results were analyzed by statistical tests.Results: Tubular dilation, severe lymphocytic infiltration AND fibrotic changes of renal tissue (morphologically); significant damage in glomerular basement membrane, thickness increase of glomerular basement membrane AND sedimentation of electron dense particles in it, decrease of microvilli AND cytoplasmic vacuolation of proximal tubular cells (ultrastucturally); significant increase of average diameter of renal tissue components (p<0.05) AND average thickness of glomerular basement membrane components (p<0.05) (morphometrically) were obtained.Conclusion: Previous studies have revealed the effect of aluminum on different cellular organelles of tissues was distinct. Present study showed aluminum-induced changes was in glomerular basement membrane components, microvilli, nuclear membrane, mitochondria AND tubular-cells cytoplasm. It seems these changes are the results of free radicals production, cell membrane lipoperoxidation AND even nuclear DNA changes.

Objectives: Due to relatively low implantation rate in ART, the acceleration of endometrial maturation in ART cycles is highly investigated. Progesterone has longly been used for this purpose. Since the histological characteristics are considered as a criterion for evaluation of endometrial maturation, the aim of the present study is to compare morphological AND morphometrical characteristics of mice uterine endometrium, at preimplantation stage, following progesterone AND Viagra treated groups.Methods: Forty adult female mice were divided into 4 groups as: control, gonadotropin, gonadotropin + progesterone AND gonadotropin + Viagra. In all 3 experimental groups the mice received 7.5 I.u HMG AND later HCG. Then every two female mice with one male mouse put in one cage for mating. In two groups (from 3 experimental groups) 1mg/mouse progesterone AND 3mg/kg Viagra administrated in 24, 48, 72 hours interval, after HMG injection. Ninty six hours after HMG injection, the mice in 4 groups were sacrificed, AND their uterine specimens were prepared for light microscopic studies.Results: In control group the height of endometrial epithelial cells were 20.52±2.43 mm. In gonadotropin group, the heights of the cells were 20.85±2.55 mm which were not significantly different than those in control group. In gonadotropin + progesterone group the height of the cells were 17.91±2.78 mm which were significantly (P<0.05) shorter than the control AND gonadotropin groups. In gonadotropin + Viagra group heights of the cells were 17.60±2.49 mm which was similar to those in progesterone group but significantly (P<0.05) shorter than control AND gonadotropin groups.Conclusion: Ovarian hyperstimulation followed by progesterone or Viagra injection alter the morphometrical indices of luminal epithelium of endometrium, which could affect on its maturation.